Primary Sources:
These sources were primarily used to create the staff bios and to contextualize The Only Alternative within the greater Ball State University and Muncie community of the 1960s and 1970s. The Daily News was an excellent source for information on the many students involved. This source and many others related to Ball State and Muncie have been digitized and made available on the Ball State University Library's Digital Media Repository here.
Census Data:
1970 Census of Population and Housing: General Demographic Trends for Metropolitan Areas, 1960 to 1970: Indiana, Final Report, Volume 13. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971.
Commencement Programs
1969 Ball State University Commencement Program, pg. 11, 25, 26.
1971 Ball State University Commencement Program, pg. 13.
1972 Ball State University Commencement Program, pg. 15.
1973 Ball State University Commencement Program, pg. 17.
Daily News articles
“BSU Student Delegates Attend U.N. Convention March 2-5 in St. Louis,” Daily News, February 9, 1966, pg. 1.
Walsh, Jim. “Drama Discourse,” Daily News, March 24, 1966, pg. 4.
Dave Auble photo, Daily News, April 19, 1966, pg. 3.
“Record Number of Voters Go UPP,” Daily News, April 22, 1966, pg. 1.
“Committees, Amendments Busy Senate,” Daily News, May 17, 1966, pg. 1.
“UPP Sponsors Senate Seminar,” Daily News, September 21, 1966, pg. 1.
“Abolish Women’s Hours’ Discussed,” Daily News, October 14, 1966, pg. 1.
“SCGB Names Committee Members,” Daily News, November 3, 1966, pg. 8.
Usher, Brian. “Uncertain Optimism Surrounds Hours Bill,” Daily News, November 16, 1966, pg. 4.
"‘Love in Bloom’ Plays Catacombs,” Daily News, December 9, 1966, pg. 5.
“Senate Forms Committee on Book Store,” Daily News¸ February 15, 1967, pg. 1.
Witherow, Phil. “Senate Criticizes BS News Editorial,” Daily News, March 31, 1967, pg. 3.
Inman, Chris. “Inner-Views,” Daily News, April 13, 1967, pg. 7.
“Stet Magazine Now Available,” Daily News, April 26, 1967, pg. 1.
Andes, Gwen. “MIC Elects Officers Discusses Purposes,” Daily News, May 9, 1967, pg. 1.
“Stet to Issue 2 Editions a Year,” Daily News, May 10, 1967, pg. 1.
“Senate Unanimously Passes Proposed Budget,” Daily News, May 16, 1967, pg. 1.
“Student Members Named To Faculty Committees,” Daily News,May 19, 1967, pg. 1
Dr. Richard Hardesty photo, Daily News Special Edition, September 6, 1967, pg. 17.
“1967 Cardinal Soccer Squad,” Daily News, September 12, 1967, pg. 6.
“Say Uncle!,” Daily News¸ October 13, 1967, pg. 8.
Hubbard, Thomas. “BSU Represented in Anti-Viet March,” Daily News, October 25, 1967, pg. 3.
Luzadder, Dan. “Stet Nearly Finished, Available October 27,” Daily News, October 26, 1967, pg. 1.
Belcher, John. “Discrimination?” Advise and Dissent, Daily News, November 1, 1967, pg. 3.
“SCGB Announces Names of New Committee Members,” Daily News, November 2, 1967, pg. 3, 8.
“Noyer to Hear Vietnam Debate,” Daily News, December 14, 1967, pg. 8.
Parr, Karen Sue. “Discrimination Bill Defeated After Lengthy Senate Debate,” Daily News, January 26, 1968, pg. 1, 3.
Perkins, John. “Social Club Faces Violation Charges,” Daily News, January 30, 1968, pg. 3.
“Professor Has Book Published,” Daily News, January 31, 1968, pg. 4.
“SLAM Proposes Changes in Student Senate Setup,” Daily News, February 15, 1968, pg. 5.
“BSU Students Also Have Right of Free Speech,” Daily News, February 20, 1968, pg. 2.
“Ku Klux Klan Object as Student Senate Plans Counter-March,” Daily News, February 21, 1968, pg. 1.
“Make-Up Check,” Daily News, March 19, 1968, pg. 5.
Maple, Diane. “BSU Cast Presenting Betti Play,” Daily News, March 28, 1968, pg. 5.
Dillard, Barb. “Ball State Delegates to Attend Winds of Change Conference,” Daily News, March 29, 1968, pg. 8.
“Senate to Consider Bill on Off-Campus Housing,” Daily News, April 4, 1968, pg. 1.
Wagner, Don D. “Le Mar Probes Marijuana Issue,” Daily News, April 18, 1968, pg. 1.
“Alternatives to Draft to be Discussed,” Daily News, April 19, 1968, pg. 5.
Wolf, Carter A. “Is Mustache Heritage?” Letters to the Editor, Daily News, April 24, 1968, pg. 2.
Peg Yoder photo, Daily News, April 24, 1968, pg. 3.
Iddings, Jane. “SLAM Offers Counseling On Military Service Laws,” Daily News, May 1, 1968, pg. 1, 6.
Keirns, Mary. “American Gothic Moves Into Folk,” Daily News, May 10, 1968, pg. 4.
Belcher, John. “Does Accepting Le Mar Mean Advocacy by Association?” Advise and Dissent, Daily News, May 14, 1968, pg. 2.
Van Buskirk, Carl. “Advising,” Letters to the Editor, Daily News, September 24, 1968, pg. 2.
“1968 Ball State Varsity Soccer Team,” Daily News, September 24, 1968, pg. 6.
Waymire, Warren. “Only 18 Advisors,” Letters to the Editor, Daily News, September 26, 1968, pg. 4.
Belcher, John. “’Flower Child’ Rebuttal,” Letters to the Editor Daily News, October 11, 1968, pg. 2.
Harriff, William. “Policy Making,” Letters to the Editor, Daily News, October 24, 1968, pg.
“Members for Senate’s Eight Committee’s Named,” Daily News, October 28, 1968, pg. 8.
"Editor Has Comment on 'Only Alternative'," Daily News, December 10, 1968, pg. 3, 8.
Belcher, John. “Mild Enjoyment Brings Defense of ‘Evergreen,’” Letters to the Editor, Daily News, December 16, 1968, pg. 2.
Jankiewicz, Eileen "Senate Investigates Vote," Daily News, December 20, 1968, pg. 1.
Belcher, John. “Dissenter Pegs Greeks Racist Contributors,” Letters to the Editor, Daily News, December 20, 1968, pg. 3.
“Social Science Honor Society Initiates Thirteen at Meeting,” Daily News, January 6, 1969, pg. 2.
Belcher, John. “Satirists Strike,” Letters to the Editor, Daily News, January 27, 1969, pg. 2.
Ron Payne photo, Daily News, February 21, 1969, pg. 3.
“Students Present Britten Opera,” Daily News, February 25, 1969, pg. 3.
Powell, Dick. "Protesters Only Criticize, Offer No Sound Answers," Letters to the Editor, Daily News, March 20, 1969, pg. 2.
Kitts, Dave. “Officials, Not Just ‘Radical’ Students, Cause Strife,” Letters to the Editor, Daily News, March 25, 1969, pg. 5.
“Action Line,” Daily News, April 28, 1969, pg. 1.
“Palmer Elects,” Daily News, May 23, 1969, pg. 6.
“Review Board Examines Student Center Policies,” Daily News, July 23, 1969, pg. 1.
“NSAC Delegates Report to Senate,” Daily News, September 19, 1969, pg. 1.
Morrison, Sue. “Student Center Rules Committee Proposed,” Daily News, September 30, 1969, pg. 1.
“Veterans Add Support,” Daily News, October 2, 1969, pg. 1.
“JBS Forms Committee,” Daily News, October 3, 1969, pg. 4.
Jook Boys Band photo, Daily News, October 8, 1969, pg. 3
“John Brown Society Works For Black Liberation Through Education,” Daily News, October 9, 1969, pg. 6.
“Group to Hold Festival,” Daily News, October 10, 1969, pg. 3.
Spiker, Sandy and Brooke Wiseman, “Coeds Puzzled,” Letters to the Editor, Daily News, October 11, 1969, pg. 5.
Morrison, Sue. “Moratorium Won’t Halt Classes,” Daily News, October 14, 1969, pg. 1.
“AWARE Seeks to Unite Women,” Daily News, October 14, 1969, pg. 5.
"Lach, Cyndi. “What Action Will SCGB Take?” Daily News, October 16, 1969, pg. 2.
“Newman Group Prepares for Folk Festival Friday,” Daily News, October 16, 1969, pg. 2.
“Second Newman Apostolate Folk Festival Begins Tonight,” Daily News, October 17, 1969, pg. 12.
“TOA Runs Into Problem,” Daily News, October 22, 1969, pg. 1.
"Student Center Rules Cause More Confusion," Daily News, October 23, 1969, pg. 1.
Wagner, Don D. "TOA 'Socks It to 'Em' Again,"Daily News, October 27, 1969, pg. 5, 8.
Smith, Greg. “Newman Decides to Support November Moratorium,” Daily News, October 29, 1969, pg. 1.
“AWARE Sponsors Petition on Hours,” Daily News¸October 31, 1969, pg. 4.
Taylor, Harry H. “Here Is The Way,” Daily News, November 3, 1969, pg. 1.
“Student’s Express Support, Concern,” Daily News, November 14, 1969, pg. 3.
“Campus Society to Initiate Black History for Whites,” Daily News, December 3, 1969, pg. 1.
“Support for Slain Panther Registered by 50 Students,” Daily News, December 9, 1969, pg. 2.
“AWARE Seeks to End Women’s Hours for Freshman,” Daily News, December 10, 1969, pg. 2.
“Club Files Intent to Organize; Belcher Is Acting President,” Daily News, December 15, 1969, pg. 9.
Dr. Harry H. Taylor photo, Daily News Roll Call, 1970, pg. 53.
"'Pot Smoker' Speaks On Reasons, Results," Daily News, January 6, 1970, pg. 5.
Wagner, Don D. “TOA Production Headquarters Lost,” Daily News, January 8, 1970, pg. 1, 4.
“Successful Free University” photo, Daily News, January 13, 1970, pg. 1.
Sharfman, Mark. “Nixon Attacked,” Letters to the Editor, Daily News, February 3, 1970, pg. 3.
Wilson, Gene. “U-Singers,” Letters to the Editor, Daily News, February 4, 1970, pg. 5.
Wagner, Don D. “Poor Leadership,” Letters to the Editor, Daily News, February 5, 1970, pg. 5.
Wilson, Gene. “U-Singers Fifth Anniversary Result of Work, Organization,” Daily News, February 20, 1970, pg. 6.
Shieferstein, Karen. “Last Quarter Challenging, Memorable,” Daily News, February 24, 1970, pg. 8.
Burk, Martha. “FLM Rebuttal,” Letters to the Editor, Daily News, March 23, 1970, pg. 4.
Stoops, Mike. “Fast Proves to be Challenge,” Daily News, April 15, 1970, pg. 3.
“OCA Officers, Senators, Ballot Placement Decided,” Daily News, April 16, 1970, pg. 6.
Doheny, Kathy. “Students Call Teach-In ‘Good Beginning’,” Daily News, April 23, 1970, pg. 6.
“OCA Officers, Senators Ballot Placement Decided,” Daily News, April 26, 1970, pg. 6.
“Senate Endorses BSU Strike,” Daily News, May 7, 1970, pg. 1.
Wessel, Karen. “Thousands Join In Strike,” Daily News, May 8, 1970, pg. 1.
“Ball Staters Establish Improvement Plan,” Daily News, May 11, 1970, pg. 7.
Newman to Sponsor Fall Folk Festival,” Daily News, October 1, 1970, pg. 8.
“Folk Festival Will Support Brotherhood,” Daily News, September 15, 1970, pg. 4.
“Munchel Announces VMC Revitalization,” Daily News, May 15, 1970, pg. 12.
“Committee Appointment Approved for 1970-1971,” Daily News, May 22, 1970, pg. 2.
“Senate Group to Study Housing Restrictions,” Daily News, September 18, 1970, pg. 12.
“Appearance of USAF Band Draws Protest,” Daily News, September 21, 1970, pg. 1.
“Interest Groups Advise Freshman,” Daily News, September 23, 1970, pg. 1.
“ORIENT Distribution Develops Problems,” Daily News, October 14, 1970, pg. 2.
“Yearbooks Here,” Daily News, October 20, 1970, pg. 6.
Vaughn, Steven. “P.E. Department Proves All Wet,” Daily News, October 22, 1970, pg. 7.
Lach, Cyndi. “SA Pases Section, Resolution,” Daily News, November 12, 1970, pg. 1.
“Graham to Edit Daily News,” Daily News, November 17, 1970, pg. 1.
“Society to Hold Flag Pole Service,” Daily News, December 8, 1970, pg. 1.
“OCA Elects Fourteen Delegates,” Daily News, December 9, 1970, pg. 1.
Editorial, “Tragedy Strikes,” Daily News, February 17, 1971, pg. 4.
“Public Housing Group Meets Saturday Night,” Daily News, February 24, 1971, pg. 11.
Hanna, Nancy. “Senate Ratifies Peace Treaty,” Daily News, March 25, 1971, pg. 1.
“Peace Treaty Discussion Set,” Daily News, March 24, 1971, pg. 1.
“Muncie Benefiting from BSU,” Daily News, March 29, 1971, pg. 1.
“Two Peace Rallies Planned by ‘Vets’,” Daily News, May 20, 1971, pg. 3.
“S. Senate Hits Quarter Low,” Daily News, April 8, 1971, pg. 1.
“Council, Committee Appointments Approved,” Daily News, October 14, 1971, pg. 1.
“Staff, Faculty Leave for Press Sessions,” Daily News, October 20, 1971, pg. 6.
“Reasons for Suicide Cited at Newman Discussion,” Daily News, November 5, 1971, pg. 1.
“Aquarius Begins Training Series,” January 11, 1972, pg. 6.
“Whitney’s Feats Lauded at IU’s Law Banquet,” Daily News, May 9, 1972, pg. 4.
Nye, Peter. “Visitation Rights Given Migrants,” Daily News, August 16, 1972, pg. 3.
Muncie Star articles
"Sickening," Public Letter Box, Muncie Star, March 5, 1969.
"The School Crisis," Public Letter Box, Muncie Star, March 7, 1969.
"Help The Students," Public Letter Box, Muncie Star, March 24, 1969.
Muncie Evening Press articles
"Underground Paper Too Offensive," Letters to the Editor, Evening Press, March 22, 1969.
Parkinson, Leon. "Editor’s Corner," Evening Press, March 24, 1969.
Secondary Sources:
The sources listed below include works on both the Underground Press (also listed here) and Ball State University. While the works in the selected readings section were read in preparation for this project, the following sources were cited directly in the project.
Articles/Theses:
Blasingame, Christina. “An Examination of Latent Threads and Themes in the Catalyst (1969-1971),” American Educational History Journal Vol. 36 No. 1 (2009), 299-310.
Edmonds, Tony. "The Only Alternative: Even Muncie Had An Underground Press," Viet Nam War Journal Vol. 2 No. 1 (August 2002), 104-110.
Ellis, Donna Lloyd. “The Underground Press in America: 1955-1970,” Journal of Popular Culture Vol. 5 No. 1 (1971), 102-124.
Levin, Jack and Spates, James L., “Hippie Values: An Analysis of the Underground Press,” Youth and Society Vol. 2 No. 1 (1970), 59-73.
Lewes, James. “The Underground Press in America (1964-1968): Outlining an Alternative, the Envisioning of an Underground,” Journal of Communication Inquiry Vol. 24 No. 4 (Oct. 2000), 379-400.
Shrock, Joel D. 1990. The Vietnam War and Ball State University, 1964-1970: A Social History. senior honors thesis, Ball State University, 1990.
Spates, James L., “Counterculture and Dominant Culture Values: A Cross-National Analysis of the Underground Press and Dominant Culture Magazines,” American Sociological Review Vol. 41 No. 5 (Oct. 1976), 868-883.
Young, Stephen Flinn. “The Kudzu: The Sixties Generational Revolt Even In Mississippi,” The Southern Quarterly Vol. 34 No. 3 (1996), 122-136.
Books:
Armstrong, David. A Trumpet to Arms: Alternative Media in America. Los Angeles: J.P. Tarcher, 1981.
Dennis, Everette E. and William L. Rivers. Other Voices: the New Journalism in America. San Francisco: Canfield Press, 1974.
Edmonds, Anthony O. and E. Bruce Geelhoed. Ball State University: An Interpretive History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001.
Gitlin, Todd. "The Underground Press and Its Cave-In," in The Campaign Against the Underground Press, Geoffrey Rips, ed. San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1981.
Leamer, Laurence. The Paper Revolutionaries the Rise of the Underground Press. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972.
McMillian, John Campbell. Smoking Typewriters: the Sixties Underground Press and the Rise of Alternative Media in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Mungo, Raymond. Famous Long Ago: My Life and Hard Times with Liberation News Service. Boston: Beacon Press, 1970.
Peck, Abe. Uncovering the Sixties: the Life and Times of the Underground Press. New York: Pantheon Books, 1985.
Rips, Geoffrey. The Campaign Against the Underground Press. San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1981.